A review of Imaging Findings of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: Imaging of IGM

Maryam Rahmani; Maryam Pourashraf

doi:10.32768/abc.202293SI255-260

Maryam Rahmani ⁽¹⁾, Maryam Pourashraf ⁽²⁾

(1) Department of Radiology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. 6. Advanced Diagnostic and Intervention Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Iran, Islamic Republic of,

(2) Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran, Iran, Islamic Republic of

https://doi.org/10.32768/abc.202293SI255-260

Issue
Vol. 9 No. 3-SI: Special issue on Granulomatosis Mastitis, July 2022

Submitted
May 12, 2022

Published
June 5, 2022

Keywords:

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis, Ultrasound, Mammography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging

PDF XML

Abstract

Background: Imaging has an established role in the diagnosis and management of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM). The main purpose of this article is to explain an imaging-based diagnostic approach for IGM and describe the imaging findings of the disease.

Methods: The present article is a narrative review of the literature regarding the imaging of IGM.

Results: Ultrasound and mammography are the two commonly used modalities for evaluating IGM patients. Focal asymmetry and irregular high-density mass are the most common mammographic findings. Irregular hypoechoic mass with tubular extensions is a frequent ultrasound finding. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used as a complementary modality, but it does not usually change the disease management.. The most important differential diagnosis of IGM includes breast cancer, infectious mastitis, and tuberculous mastitis. There is currently no agreed-upon schedule for the imaging follow-up of IGM patients.

Conclusion: The commonly used imaging modalities for the evaluation of IGM include ultrasound with or without mammography. There is currently no consensus on the imaging follow-up of these patients.

Full text article

Generated from XML file

References

Pluguez-Turull CW, Nanyes JE, Quintero CJ, Alizai H, Mais DD, Kist KA, et al. Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: Manifestations at Multimodality Imaging and Pitfalls. Radiographics 2018; 38(2): 330-56. doi: 10.1148/rg.2018170095.

Aghajanzadeh M, Hassanzadeh R, Alizadeh Sefat S, Alavi A, Hemmati H, Esmaeili Delshad MS, et al. Granulomatous mastitis: Presentations, diagnosis, treatment and outcome in 206 patients from the north of Iran. Breast 2015; 24(4): 456-60. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2015.04.003.

Omranipour R, Mohammadi SF, Samimi P. Idiopathic granulomatous lobular mastitis - report of 43 cases from iran; introducing a preliminary clinical practice guideline. Breast Care (Basel) 2013; 8(6): 439-43. doi: 10.1159/000357320.

Al-Khaffaf B, Knox F, Bundred NJ. Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: a 25-year experience. J Am Coll Surg 2008; 206(2): 269-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.07.041.

Baslaim MM, Khayat HA, Al-Amoudi SA. Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: a heterogeneous disease with variable clinical presentation. World J Surg 2007; 31(8): 1677-81. doi: 10.1007/s00268-007-9116-1.

Fazzio RT, Shah SS, Sandhu NP, Glazebrook KN. Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: imaging update and review. Insights Imaging 2016; 7(4): 531-9. doi: 10.1007/s13244-016-0499-0.

Gautier N, Lalonde L, Tran-Thanh D, El Khoury M, David J, Labelle M, et al. Chronic granulomatous mastitis: Imaging, pathology and management. Eur J Radiol 2013; 82(4): e165-75. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.11.010.

Tse GM, Poon CS, Ramachandram K, Ma TK, Pang LM, Law BK, et al. Granulomatous mastitis: a clinicopathological review of 26 cases. Pathology 2004; 36(3): 254-7. doi: 10.1080/00313020410001692602.

Sripathi S, Ayachit A, Bala A, Kadavigere R, Kumar S. Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: a diagnostic dilemma for the breast radiologist. Insights Imaging 2016; 7(4): 523-9. doi: 10.1007/s13244-016-0497-2.

Yeh ED, Jacene HA, Bellon JR, Nakhlis F, Birdwell RL, Georgian-Smith D, et al. What radiologists need to know about diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory breast cancer: a multidisciplinary approach. Radiographics 2013; 33(7): 2003-17. doi: 10.1148/rg.337135503.

Yamauchi H, Woodward WA, Valero V, Alvarez RH, Lucci A, Buchholz TA, et al. Inflammatory breast cancer: what we know and what we need to learn. Oncologist 2012; 17(7): 891-9. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0039.

Erozgen F, Ersoy YE, Akaydin M, Memmi N, Celik AS, Celebi F, et al. Corticosteroid treatment and timing of surgery in idiopathic granulomatous mastitis confusing with breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 123(2): 447-52. doi: 10.1007/s10549-010-1041-6.

Seo HR, Na KY, Yim HE, Kim TH, Kang DK, Oh KK, et al. Differential diagnosis in idiopathic granulomatous mastitis and tuberculous mastitis. J Breast Cancer 2012; 15(1): 111-8. doi: 10.4048/jbc.2012.15.1.111.

Hovanessian Larsen LJ, Peyvandi B, Klipfel N, Grant E, Iyengar G. Granulomatous lobular mastitis: imaging, diagnosis, and treatment. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 193(2): 574-81. doi: 10.2214/AJR.08.1528.

Harvey JA, Mahoney MC, Newell MS, Bailey L, Barke LD, D'Orsi C, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria Palpable Breast Masses. J Am Coll Radiol 2016; 13(11S): e31-e42. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2016.09.022.

Dursun M, Yilmaz S, Yahyayev A, Salmaslioglu A, Yavuz E, Igci A, et al. Multimodality imaging features of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: outcome of 12 years of experience. Radiol Med 2012; 117(4): 529-38. doi: 10.1007/s11547-011-0733-2.

Akbulut S, Arikanoglu Z, Senol A, Sogutcu N, Basbug M, Yeniaras E, et al. Is methotrexate an acceptable treatment in the management of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis? Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284(5): 1189-95. doi: 10.1007/s00404-010-1825-2.

Ahmed YS, Abd El Maksoud W. Evaluation of therapeutic mammoplasty techniques in the surgical management of female patients with idiopathic granulomatous mastitis with mild to moderate inflammatory symptoms in terms of recurrence and patients' satisfaction. Breast Dis 2016; 36(1): 37-45. doi: 10.3233/BD-150198.

Akcan A, Akyildiz H, Deneme MA, Akgun H, Aritas Y. Granulomatous lobular mastitis: a complex diagnostic and therapeutic problem. World J Surg 2006; 30(8): 1403-9. doi: 10.1007/s00268-005-0476-0.

Boufettal H, Essodegui F, Noun M, Hermas S, Samouh N. Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: a report of twenty cases. Diagn Interv Imaging 2012; 93(7-8): 586-96. doi: 10.1016/j.diii.2012.04.028.

Oztekin PS, Durhan G, Nercis Kosar P, Erel S, Hucumenoglu S. Imaging Findings in Patients with Granulomatous Mastitis. Iran J Radiol 2016; 13(3): e33900. doi: 10.5812/iranjradiol.33900.

Al-Khawari HA, Al-Manfouhi HA, Madda JP, Kovacs A, Sheikh M, Roberts O. Radiologic features of granulomatous mastitis. Breast J 2011; 17(6): 645-50. doi: 10.5812/iranjradiol.33900. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2011.01154.x.

Illman JE, Terra SB, Clapp AJ, Hunt KN, Fazzio RT, Shah SS, et al. Granulomatous diseases of the breast and axilla: radiological findings with pathological correlation. Insights Imaging 2018; 9(1): 59-71. doi: 10.1007/s13244-017-0587-9.

Authors

Maryam Rahmani

Department of Radiology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. 6. Advanced Diagnostic and Intervention Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9996-447X

Maryam Pourashraf

Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3913-559X

maryampourashraf12@gmail.com (Primary Contact)

Rahmani M, Pourashraf M. A review of Imaging Findings of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: Imaging of IGM . Arch Breast Cancer [Internet]. 2022 Jun. 5 [cited 2024 Nov. 21];9(3-SI):255-60. Available from: https://archbreastcancer.com/index.php/abc/article/view/590

Download Citation

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Copyright©. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International License, which permits copy and redistribution of the material in any medium or format or adapt, remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, except for commercial purposes.

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Maryam Rahmani, Leila Farmanbordar, Ramesh Omranipour, Mahrooz Malek, Sanaz Zand, Evaluation of Saline Sonohysterography Findings in Patients with Breast Cancer Receiving Tamoxifen Adjuvant Therapy , Archives of Breast Cancer: Vol 3, No 4: November 2016
Maryam Rahmani, Kiana Hassanpour, Hurieh Alain, Mohamadreza Neishaboury, Forough Yazdanian, Rasoul Mirsharifi, Diagnostic Performance of Sonoelastography in Addition to Ultrasound in Investigating Breast Lesions: Can Concomitant Use of These Techniques Lead to Improvement of Differentiation? , Archives of Breast Cancer: Vol 1, No 2: August 2014
Forough Yazdanian, Mahtab Vasigh, Sanaz Zand, Farid Azmoudeh Ardalan, Maryam Rahmani, Negar Mashoori, Soheil Saadat, Ahmad Elahi, Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis; Radio-pathologic findings and Grading based on Clinical Presentation and treatment outcome in 224 patients , Archives of Breast Cancer: Vol. 9 No. 3-SI: Special issue on Granulomatosis Mastitis, July 2022

INTRODUCTION

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a benign inflammatory disease with a chronic or relapsing course. 1 2 3 The disease often affects young premenopausal women with a history of breast feeding. 1 4 IGM is usually unilateral, but may uncommonly involve both breasts. Bilateral breast involvement has been reported in 0-18 % of cases in different studies. 1 2 3 5 6 7 The diagnosis of IGM is usually challenging as it can mimic some malignant and infectious breast diseases. Diagnosis is confirmed by findings on breast biopsy. 1 8 The most common differential diagnosis of IGM includes breast cancer, infective mastitis, and tuberculous mastitis. 1 9 Breast cancer, especially inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), is an important differential diagnosis of IGM. IBC is a rare and aggressive subtype of breast cancer which mimics mastitis clinically and radiologically. There are two mainstays of IBC diagnosis: (1) clinical findings of

Review Article

Open Access erythema and edema involving more than one-third of the breast; (2) tissue diagnosis of malignancy. 10 Although dermal lymphatic tumor involvement displayed in skin punch biopsy specimen is the pathologic hallmark of IBC, it is not considered necessary for establishing the diagnosis. 10 11 Tuberculous mastitis is another important differential diagnosis of IGM especially in the Middle East. It is crucial to differentiate the two diseases due to major differences in treatment. Steroids, which are effective medications in the treatment of IGM, are contraindicated in tuberculous mastitis. 12 13 Imaging has an important role in the diagnosis and management of IGM. Proper diagnosis and management of IGM requires a multidisciplinary approach including clinicians, surgeons, radiologists and pathologists. The main purpose of this narrative review article is to explain an imaging-based diagnostic approach and describe the imaging findings of this disease.

METHODS

We searched the PubMed database and found the articles published in English between January 2004 to December 2021, using the terms "idiopathic granulomatous mastitis", "imaging", and "radiology." Initially, the search yielded 60 articles, of which 17 papers mainly concentrated on the imaging of IGM.

Imaging in Diagnosis and Follow-up of IGM

The imaging modalities for the initial evaluation of IGM include ultrasound with or without mammography. 1 7 14 The widely accepted approach is to perform mammography for the patients 40 years of age and older, or for those younger than 40 with findings concerning cancer. 1 15 However, Dursun et al. suggested performing unilateral mammography of the affected breast in patients younger than 35 years, and bilateral mammography in patients older than 35 years. 16 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used as an adjunct to mammography and ultrasound in the evaluation of IGM; however, it does not usually change the management plan of the disease. A flowchart for the evaluation of patients with clinical findings of non-lactational mastitis is presented in Figure 1.

There is currently no agreed-upon schedule for the imaging follow-up of IGM, which can be explained by various clinical manifestations, different disease courses, and controversial treatment options. 1 12 17 18 Gautier et al. suggested performing ultrasound every 3-6 months and mammography annually after the acute phase until complete disease remission is achieved. 7 Some authors suggest MRI for monitoring IGM patients under treatment. 6 7 According to the authors' experience, improvement in radiologic findings lags behind the clinical response to treatment which could be explained by different stages of inflammation and fibrosis. In case of clinical response to treatment, the stability of imaging findings should not be interpreted as treatment failure.

Mammography

Mammography can be used in conjunction with ultrasound in the initial imaging assessment of suspected IGM patients, especially in those older than 40 years. IGM has various nonspecific mammographic appearances. The two most common mammographic findings of IGM are focal asymmetry ( Figure 2) and irregular high-density mass. 1 7 14 16 19 Other findings include diffusely increased breast density, skin thickening, nipple retraction, and axillary lymphadenopathy. In patients with heterogeneously or extremely dense breasts, there may be no abnormal mammographic finding. 6 16 19 Most IGM cases are not associated with calcifications. However, there have been scarce reports of IGM with calcifications. 1 6 20 Ultrasound Ultrasound is the most commonly used imaging modality for the suspected and confirmed IGM cases. Different authors have used a number of different descriptions for the ultrasound findings of IGM. A large irregular hypoechoic mass with tubular extensions (Figure 3) and multiple confluent hypoechoic lesions with tubular extensions are the most commonly described ultrasound findings. 1 2 7 14 21 The presence of multiple tubular hypoechoic lesions insinuating between the breast lobules and extending superficially towards the skin is a characteristic finding of IGM. 1 7 Fluid collections or abscesses may be seen in some patients. 1 6 7 22 The lesions and the surrounding parenchyma are usually hypervascular; 1 6 22 however, the abscess has no internal vascularity. Skin fistulas can develop spontaneously or in the site of previous percutaneous biopsy or aspiration. 1 6 19 Nipple retraction can be seen in some IGM patients; however, inflammation and ulceration of the nipple-areola complex is uncommon. 1 14 23 Axillary lymphadenopathy is another associated finding which has been reported with different frequencies in different studies. 2 14 22 The lymphadenopathy in IGM appears as hypoechoic cortical thickening with preserved fatty hilum, and may sometimes be mistaken for malignant adenopathy. 1 IGM shares similar imaging findings with some breast diseases such as IBC and tuberculous mastitis.

Both IGM and IBC can cause breast edema and axillary lymphadenopathy. One clue may be the extent of skin thickening and edema, which is more extensive in IBC than IGM. Another differential diagnosis is tuberculous mastitis which has similar imaging features. A clue can be the history of lung tuberculosis which is present in half of the patients with tuberculous mastitis. 13 Finally, biopsy is mandatory for differentiating IGM from other breast diseases.

Ultrasonography is frequently used as a guide to perform core needle biopsy which is the standard method to confirm diagnosis and rule out other diseases, such as breast cancer and tuberculous mastitis. 1 6 7 8 Furthermore, ultrasound can be used as a guide to aspirate the abscess. IGM patients are prone to develop skin fistulas along the percutaneous needle tract. 1 According to the authors' experience, it is preferable to introduce the needle through the intact adjacent skin to reduce the patient's pain and risk of fistula formation.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MRI can be used as a complementary modality in the following indications: (1) Determination of the disease extent; (2) Inconclusive sonography and mammography findings; (3) Monitoring response to treatment or evaluating possible residual disease after treatment. 1 7 9 21 It should be emphasized that MRI findings do not usually change the disease management and only a small group of patients may benefit from MRI. Therefore, performing MRI should not cause any delay in the diagnosis or treatment of the disease. 1 MRI can be used as an adjunct to mammography and ultrasound in the evaluation of IGM. The most common MRI findings are rim enhancing masses (Figure 3), heterogeneous enhancing masses, and heterogeneous non-mass enhancement (NME) with segmental or regional distribution. 1 6 7 Most lesions show high signal intensity on T2-weighted and variable signal intensity on T1-weighted images. 1 7 The lesions usually demonstrate restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted imaging. 6 Previous studies have found varied results regarding the enhancement kinetic curves of IGM lesions. Khawari et al. found the plateau and washout patterns of kinetic curves in their cases. 22 Gautier et al. observed that all lesions enhanced rapidly, with a persistent curve in NME and a washout curve in most of the rim enhancing lesions. 7 Oztekin et al. found a persistent kinetic curve as the most common pattern of enhancement. 21 22 23 These different results could be attributed to varying degrees of inflammation, fibrosis, and abscess. Therefore, the kinetic curves are nonspecific and unreliable for differentiating IGM from breast cancer. 1

CONCLUSION

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a benign inflammatory disease with various nonspecific imaging features. Ultrasound is the most commonly used modality for the initial evaluation of these patients. Irregular hypoechoic mass with tubular extensions is a frequent ultrasound finding. Mammography is usually performed for the patients 40 years of age and older, or for those younger than 40 with findings suspicious of cancer. Focal asymmetry and irregular high density mass are the most common mammographic findings in IGM. MRI can be used as a complementary modality, but is not useful for differentiating IGM from breast cancer. The most common MRI findings are rim or heterogeneous enhancing masses, and heterogeneous segmental or regional NME. Diagnosis is confirmed by core biopsy. There is currently no consensus for the imaging follow-up of IGM patients. According to the authors' experience, improvement in radiologic findings lags behind the clinical response to treatment.

Flowchart for evaluation of patients with clinical findings of non-lactational mastitis.

IGM in a 34-year-old patient with a painful mass in the right breast. Ultrasound imaging (a, b) shows irregular hypoechoic lesions with tubular extensions. Vascularity is noted within and surrounding the lesions. Axial T1-weighted post- contrast subtraction axial MRI (c), and axial T1 weighted post-contrast maximum intensity projection (MIP) (d) display an irregular enhancing right breast mass with an area of rim enhancement consistent with abscess formation. Ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy revealed granulomatous mastitis and was negative for acid-fast bacilli and fungi. a c d b d Figure 2. IGM in a 50-year-old patient with a painful mass of 3 weeks' duration in the left breast. Digital mammography showed focal asymmetry in the upper outer region of the left breast. Ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy showed granulomatous mastitis and was negative for acid-fast bacilli and fingers.

Read Counter : 487 Download : 9

Share Now

A review of Imaging Findings of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis Imaging of IGM

Abstract

Full text article

References

Authors

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

Important Links

Contact Info

Article Sidebar

Abstract

Full text article

References

Authors

Article Details

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

Important Links

Contact Info