Breast cancer is one of the most commonly affecting cancers in the world and also the most common malignant cancer in women. The survival rate for breast cancer is high when diagnosed at early stages. However, diagnosis at later stages is incurable, which poses the need for better detection and enhanced treatment methods. Hence, the detection of breast cancer at early stages is crucial as it significantly increases the survival rates of patients. 1 Paclitaxel is one of the frequently used anticancer medicine owing to its apoptotic activity in cancer cells and also helps to improve the immune response against cancer cells. However, patients often develop resistance to paclitaxel. Therefore, the development of alternatives with better efficiency and reduced side effects is a need of the hour. 2 Nanoparticles are utilized in various areas including drug delivery, diagnosis, imaging, and miniature medical devices, etc. 3 Nanoparticles have a high surface area to volume ratio and hence utilized as anti-cancer agents and for targeted cancer therapy. 4 Nanomedicine is used for breast cancer; however, it is not specifically designed to target breast cancer cells alone. Therefore, further research is necessary to understand and develop improved nanomedicines for breast cancer in order to improve the quality of treatment of breast cancer and to aid in its detection during onset. 5 Nanoparticles are available in different nanoscale ranges and in different types, and one such type is metal-based nanoparticles, e.g., silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), gold nanoparticles, platinum, palladium, etc. AgNPs are reported to have anticancer, antifungal and anti-bacterial properties. Studies on anticancer therapy have proved that AgNPs have apoptosis-inducing and anti-proliferative properties. AgNPs are known to work against cancer by increasing the chemotherapeutic ability of other drugs against multi-drug-resistant cancer cells. This proves that these nanoparticles have greater potential as a combination drug. 6 There are reports supporting that nanoparticles could break the double-strand bonding of DNA, and thereby inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. This property facilitates the use of silver nanoparticles as a drug targeting the DNA of cancer cells. 7 Clitoria ternatea is a plant that comes under the family of Fabaceae and is usually widespread throughout the tropical and lowland regions. The common name of Clitoria ternatea is the butterfly pea plant, which produces a flower of dark blue color. Traditionally, this plant has been used as a medicine and food in various cultures worldwide. This plant is reported to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antistress, antipyretic, and various other properties. 8 Clitoria ternatea contains various phytochemicals such as tannins, flavonoids, steroids, anthocyanin, resins, etc. These phytochemicals provide the plant with various properties and can be used as medicine to target proteins and other molecules involved in various diseases. However, further research is needed to validate and develop such products to cure various ailments. 9 Various molecules were involved in cancer progression pathways and are often used to diagnose or as therapeutic targets. APAF-1 is one of the proteins involved in apoptosis and is often downregulated in cancer, due to which the process of apoptosis does not occur properly in cancerous cells. 10 BCL-2 is one of the anti-apoptotic proteins that is often upregulated in cancer. Drugs targeting the inactivation or inhibition of this protein could be potentially developed to aid in the treatment of cancer. 11 BAX is a pro-apoptotic protein and is usually downregulated in cancer. 12 In this study, apoptotic proteins involved in the breast cancer APAF-1 (Apoptotic protease activating factor 1), BCL-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), and BAX (Bcl-2-associated X protein) were docked with phytocompounds of Clitoria ternatea. In vitro approaches including synthesis, characterization, and toxicity studies in animals and plants (Artemia nauplii and Vigna radiata) were performed using nanoparticles synthesized from floral extracts of Clitoria ternatea (CT-AgNPs). Further, CT-AgNPs were explored for their antioxidant and anti-cancer properties in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines.

Screening of ligands by using SwissADME Lipinski's rule of five was used to identify druglikeness properties for the phytocompounds of Clitoria ternatea. Canonical smiles of the ligands were retrieved from PubChem. Ligands were analyzed in SwissADME which gives information about the drug-likeness properties of the ligands by adopting Lipinski's rule of 5. 13 Ligand preparation Different phytochemicals were chosen from Clitoria ternatea and their 3D structures were downloaded from PubChem and Chemspider. Octadecanoic acid, Quercetin, Hexadecanoic acid, 9,17-octadecadienal, D-Allose and Kaempferol monoglucoside were chosen for this study. The PubChem ID of Octadecanoic acid is 5091, the ID of Hexadecanoic acid is 960, the ID of 9,17-octadecadienal is 4936623 and that of D-Allose is 395203 and the Chemspider IDs of Quercetin and Kaempferol monoglucoside are 5280343 and 5282102, respectively. The breast cancer drug paclitaxel was used as a standard (ID 36314). These selected ligands were prepared for docking using PyRx via Open Babel by minimization. 14

Biomarkers found in breast cancer were identified and the chosen proteins were Apoptosis protease activating factor-1 (APAF-1), B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and BCL-2 associated X protein (BAX). These proteins were downloaded from RCS PDB in PDB format. The PDB ID of APAF-1 is 1CY5, that of BCL-2 is 4AQ3 and that of BAX is 4BDU. The downloaded proteins were prepared with the help of Discovery Studio. Water and hetero atoms were deleted and polar hydrogen was added. The prepared protein was then saved for docking using PyRX. The protein was set as a macromolecule and suitable grid parameters ranging from 35 to155 were set. 1516 Molecular docking using PyRx PyRx was used for molecular docking analysis. PyRx runs on the Vina wizard application by determining the values of binding energies between the proteins and ligands. The values were recorded and the interaction between the ligand and protein was visualized using Discovery studio visualizer tool. 161718 In vitro studies Preparation of floral extract from flowers of Clitoria ternatea 10g of dried blue flowers was taken and boiled in 200ml of water for a few minutes. The mixture was blended and strained. The prepared extract was centrifuged at 3000rpm for 20 minutes and then filtered thrice with Whatman filter paper to remove particulate matter. 19

The floral extract was mixed with 1mM silver nitrate in a ratio of 1:4. The mixture was kept at room temperature for 24-48hours under dark conditions. After color change, the mixture was centrifuged thrice for 15minutes at 4000rpm. Synthesized CT-AgNPs were purified using ethanol with repeated centrifugation. 2021222324 Characterisation of CT-AgNPs The characterization of CT-AgNPs was performed using UV Visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, FESEM coupled with an EDAX analyzer, and DLS coupled with a zeta potential analyzer. Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV) was used to measure the absorption and scattering of light passing through CT-AgNPs. The synthesis of nanoparticles can be identified by a color change and confirmed using UV-spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) helps to understand the functional groups present in the floral extract of Clitoria ternatea and CT-AgNPs. The FTIR analysis of powdered dried flower of Clitoria ternatea and CTAgNPs synthesized from the floral extracts were scanned between the wavelength ranging from 400 cm -1 to 4000 cm -1 . Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) uses electrons to produce an image of CT-AgNPs. This usually produces an image of nanoparticles microstructure and helps us to study the surface morphology, shape, and size of CTAgNPs. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) aids in understanding the elemental constituents of CT-AgNPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential give us information about the aggregation, diameter, Z-average, and polydispersity index of CT-AgNPs. Zeta potential analysis gives information about the charges on the surface of CT-AgNPs. 2526 Toxicity screening of CT-AgNPs in Artemia nauplii and Vigna radiata Artemia nauplii and Vigna radiata seedlings were used to observe the toxicity of synthesized CTAgNPs. Hatched Artemia were allowed to grow in a saltwater medium containing 10PPM, 5PPM and 1PPM of CT-AgNPs and mortality was observed after 24hours. Soaked Vigna radiata (green gram) seeds were placed in the seedling tray and were covered with soil. Water containing 1PPM, 5PPM and 10PPM of CT-AgNPs was sprayed for 7 days. Seed germination percentage was calculated for the control and treated seeds. At the end of the 7 th day, the grown plants were taken from the soil, and the root, shoot length, and fresh weight were calculated to study the toxicity of CT-AgNPs. The average length of the root and shoot was measured and then the values of the average were converted to one-fold to the values of the control. 2728 All the experiments were performed in triplicates.

Free radical scavenging activity of CT-AgNPs was studied as described in the DPPH (α-Diphenyl-β-Picrylhydrazyl) assay protocol without any modification. 29 The standard ascorbic acid was used and compared with the CT-AgNPs at various concentrations ranging from 100, 75, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.125μg/ml, respectively.

Cytotoxicity studies using MTT in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay was performed to calculate the cytotoxicity and viability of cancer cells. In a 96 well plate, MCF-7 breast cancer cells were seeded at a density of 1×10 4 cells/well. The cells were treated with CT-AgNPs (100μg/ml, 80μg/ml, 60μg/ml, 40μg/ml, 20μg/ml and 10μg/ml) and incubated for 24 hours. After treatment, the cells were treated with 0.5mg/ml of MTT, and incubated for 3hours. MTT was removed and DMSO was added to dissolve the formazan crystals. After incubating the plate in dark for 15minutes, the absorbance was measured at 570nm (test wavelength) and 620nm (reference wavelength) using a multi-mode plate reader. 25

Lipinski's rule of 5 clearly showed the druglikeness properties of a selected ligands from Clitoria ternatea. Among the ligands, Kaempferol monoglucoside has two violations, whereas other ligands obey Lipinski's rule of 5 which makes it suitable for docking analysis (Table 1). ( Figure 1 i-iii) Quercetin showed the highest binding energies for the three proteins with values ranging from -6.2Kcal/mol to -7Kcal/mol. Quercetin has binding energies of -6.9Kcal/mol for BAX, -7Kcal/mol for BCL-2 and -6.2Kcal/mol for APAF-1. The hydrogen bond involved between Quercetin and BCL2 was ASN 102 (asparagine) and between Quercetin and BAX it was PHE 1105 (phenylalanine) and ARG 168 (arginine). Paclitaxel has a binding energy of -6.7Kcal/mol for APAF-1, -9.2Kcal/mol for BCL-2 and -7.8Kcal/mol for BAX. The binding energy for quercetin and paclitaxel was very similar, which confirms the potential activity of the phytochemical quercetin against cancer.

Synthesis of CT-AgNPs using floral extract was visually confirmed by prominent color change. Synthesized CT-AgNPs was further confirmed by measuring the absorbance of CT-AgNPs between the ranges of 200 nm-800 nm using a UV-visible spectrometer. SPR peak of CT-AgNPs was observed between 400 and 500 nm which confirmed the synthesis of CT-AgNPs (Figure 2a).

The FTIR analysis of dried flower extract showed a peak of 3292.86cm -1 which specifies the presence of Si-OH where condensation OH stretching vibration occurs, a peak of 2921.63cm -1 which specifies the presence of -C-H (CH2) where stretching symmetric vibration occurs, a peak of 1629.55cm -1 which specifies the presence of diketones and a peak of 1049.09cm -1 which specifies the presence of polysaccharides (Fig. 2b). In the FTIR analysis of the CT-AgNPs, the peaks from the floral extract sample were shifted into two wide peaks. A wide peak, ranging from 2300cm -1 -4000cm - (Figure 2c). FESEM aids in understanding the morphology and structure of the synthesized CT-AgNPs. The CTAgNPs were imaged at a magnification of 100KX with a 200-nanometer scale. The structure of CTAgNPs was found to be polymorphic in nature ( Figure 2d). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to understand the composition of CT-AgNPs. The analysis showed that CT-AgNPs contain Ag, O, and C. A peak occurring at 3 keV indicates the presence of Ag in CT-AgNPs. The result implies the presence of Ag at a significantly higher percentage than other elements. A higher silver content would facilitate the function of CT-AgNPs as an anti-oxidant and cytotoxic agent (Figure 2e). 30 In Dynamic light scattering, the average diameter of the AgNPs was around 145.6d.nm which corresponds to a respective peak between 100 -1000nm, with PdI of 0.906 and intercept of 1.01. The polydispersity index was 0.926 ( Figure 2f). The zeta potential was -18.4mV. A negative zeta potential indicates the charge of the CT-AgNPs was negative and was dispersed well in the medium (Figure 2g). The negative charge confirms the stability of the CTAgNPs.

Toxicity study helps in determining the toxicity of CT-AgNPs by calculating the mortality rate of the shrimp (Artemia nauplii) (Figure 3 a). After 24 hours of treatment, mortality rate was 0, 3.4, 6.8, and 6.8% for control, 1 PPM, 5 PPM, and 10 PPM respectively. It was also noted that as the concentration of the CTAgNPs increased, mortality rate also increased consecutively but the percentage of mortality was less than 7%. Hence, this proves that CT-AgNPs were not toxic for Artemia nauplii.

Toxicity of CT-AgNPs in Vigna radiata seedlings was carried out by observing the seed germination percentage and various other growth parameters (Figure 3 b). The seed germination was found to increase by 0.8, 0.86, and 1-fold in 1PPM, 5PPM, and 10PPM, respectively. It can be seen that the length of the root had increased by 1.04, 1.09, and 1.37-fold for 1PPM, 5PPM and 10PPM when compared to control root length, respectively. The shoot length was increased by 1.25, 1.6, and 1.89 in 1PPM, 5PPM, and 10PPM in comparison to the control shoot length, respectively. The weight of seedlings was also observed to increase by 1.18, 1.54, and 1.78-fold for 1PPM, 5PPM and 10PPM in comparison to the control. The root length, shoot length, weight, and seed germination percentage were observed to increase as the concentration of CT-AgNPs increased. The above data indicates the positive effect on Vigna radiata seedlings in the presence of CT-AgNPs, hence proving the non-toxic effect on plants and their growth. Hence, the toxicity study confirms that CTAgNPs were not toxic to both the tested model systems.

Based on the DPPH radical scavenging activity, it can be observed that the antioxidant properties of CTAgNPs were similar to the activity of standard ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid is a very popular antioxidant that can scavenge free radicals effectively. Ascorbic acid, also known as Vitamin C has various benefits to the human body and its deficiency produces various effects on our body. Higher levels of free radicals in our body are known to cause DNA damage which can potentially lead to cancer development. Antioxidants could reduce these free radicals by a significant amount. Hence, this signifies the role of antioxidants in cancer pathway and its treatment. 31 Based on the free radical scavenging assay, CT-AgNP showed 73%, 66%, 54%, 44%, 37% and 32.6% for 100, 75, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.125μg/ml, respectively. The antioxidant property of ascorbic acid was observed to be 76.5%, 69.49%, 58.26%, 47.38%, 40.93%, and 34.73% for 100, 75, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.125μg/ml, respectively (Figure 4 a). Since the antioxidant property of CTAgNP is similar to ascorbic acid, it can be seen that it has significant antioxidant properties. From the results, it was observed that the antioxidant level decreased as the concentration of CT-AgNPs decreased. 32 The antioxidants properties of the CTAgNPs were due to the phytochemicals found in the floral extract of Clitoria ternatea which could have acted as a capping and reducing agent during the synthesis of nanoparticles. The phytochemicals of the flowers are known to possess antioxidants properties. There was a report on the extracts of Clitoria ternatea, which was found to have a free radical scavenging activity which proves the antioxidant properties of the phytochemicals present in the flower. 33 In another study, AgNPs synthesized from Clitoria ternatea proved to have significant antioxidant properties similar to that of extracts of Clitoria ternatea. Our results supported the previous studies proving the better antioxidant potential CT-AgNPs. Several flavonoids and various other phytochemicals including quercetin are reported to have antioxidant properties. Based on this study, CT-AgNPs can be utilized in cancer treatments owing to their better anticancer activity. These antioxidants may help to reduce the toxicity caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy and also help to improve the efficacy of the drugs. 34

MTT assay was performed to check the cytotoxic effect of CT-AgNP in MCF-7 cell lines. Upon CTAgNPs treatment, the percentage of cell viability was 60%, 44%, 32%, 19%, 8%, and 6% at the concentration of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100μg/ml, respectively (Figure 4 b). From the cytotoxic studies, it was observed that the viability of the cells decreased with an increase in the concentration of CT-AgNPs. Minimum inhibitory concentration (i.e.) IC50 of CT-AgNPs was calculated and the value was found to be 17μg/ml. CT-AgNPs had a significant inhibitory effect on the tested breast cancer cells. This result correlates with the docking results where the ligands identified in Clitoria ternatea were docked against the apoptotic proteins found in breast cancer. Quercetin had significant binding energies on all of the three proteins. The CT-AgNPs could have potentially induced the expression of these proteins which could inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells. The results of in silico docking studies supported the in vitro cytotoxic effect of CT-AgNPs on MCF-7 cell lines. The AgNPs were reported to have good inhibition effects on cancer cells through triggering the apoptosis, and this was confirmed via DNA fragmentation. It was also observed that the AgNPs also produced an anti-angiogenic response by reducing ascites secretion and decreasing the density of cancer cells. The anti-angiogenesis response was found to be related to vascular endothelial growth factor. 35 There was a report showing that the green synthesis of AgNPs increases cellular uptake due to its unique phyico-chemical nature. Furthermore, AgNps treated cells showed a reduction in size and an increase in apoptosis. It was hypothesized that AgNPs can easily enter the cancer cell and lead to the deactivation of cancer DNA, causing its death. 36 In another study, it was also observed that the biosynthesized AgNPs also aided in the downregulation of BCL-2 and improved the expression of BAX protein which increases the apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. AgNPs also helped to regulate the expression of other proteins such as caspases, p53, and cytochrome c. AgNPs were reported to cause genotoxicity in cancer cells by increasing ROX levels and lipid oxidation of cancer cells causing cell death. 37,38 The findings of our study correlate with other reports which confirmed the potential application of CT-AgNPs in cancer therapy due to the ability to produce apoptotic and antiangiogenic response against cancer.

CT-AgNPs were synthesized successfully and characterized. The binding energies from the docking study showed significant values against the proteins, BCL-2 and BAX. Plant phytochemicals are known to increase cell apoptosis by improving BCL-2/BAX ratios in cancer cells. The BCL-2 and family of proteins play an important role in cancer cells and therefore regulation of these could aid in the creation of anti-cancer drugs. Quercetin showed the highest binding energies out of all ligands against the proteins and the result correlates with the docking results of paclitaxel with the proteins. In silico findings proved the anti-cancer capability of CT-AgNPs. Toxicity tests in Artemia nauplii and Vigna radiata for CTAgNPs were also performed showing that the CTAgNPs were not toxic to plants and animal models. The DPPH radical scavenging assay also proved the significant scavenging activity of CT-AgNPs similar to that of ascorbic acid. The results from the MTT assay showed that CT-AgNPs had significant inhibitory effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cell with the IC50 of 17μg/ml. The P-value was calculated for all the experiments and was statistically significant. Hence, this study confirmed that the CTAgNPs have greater potential as an anti-oxidant and anti-cancer agent but further research is needed to validate the findings of this study.

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